A Doll's House

fndaksls f.or kdgHh f;audj i¾jld,Sk .=Kfhka hq;= f;audjlehs uu m<uqj is;ï' tfukau  c.;a nKavdrf.a kdgHhlrKhla jk fndaksls f.or" mßj¾;k lD;shla f,i .%yKh kr .kakd ud th wkqj¾;khla fkdjk njo jgydf.k we;s nj lsj hq;=ukdh' zzkdgHh È. jeähsZZ  hk úfõpkh ms<sn| m<uqj l;d lrkafkakï" kdgHh i|yd .;jk ld,h meh ;=kla ùu ms<sn|j úfõpkh l<hq;= jkafka t;rï ld,hla jehlr kdgHh keröug fm%alaIlhka f.kajd .; yelso hk ;¾lh u;h' tfia;a ke;skï kdgHfha .,dhdug fyda tys yrhg úfYaI wdf,dalhla fkd,efnk fonia bka Wÿrd ±ófï mru mrud¾:h u;h'  fm%alaIlhka i|yd kdgHh f.dvk.kjdo@ kdgHh i|yd fm%alaIlhka f.kajd .kakjdo@  hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= jkafka wOHhlaIljrhd nj udf.a woyihs'

fkdtfia kï c.;a nKavdr iqúfYaIS ks¾udKlrejd f,i ms<sfkdf.k jHqyjd§ka olajkjdla fuka th ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk iuia; jd.aúoHd;aul moaO;sfhau ksmehqula f,i t<s±laúh hq;=h' ukao mÀ;fha l¾;D;ajh i;H l¾;Dg muKla fkdj wkq.%dylhkag yd iudc úoHd wdÈúoHd¾Òkaf.a ix.uhg ysñjk neúks' ihsâ ^1976& olajk mßÈ l¾;D;ajfha iSud mjd uQ,H udOHhka yryd md,kh lsÍu ryila fkdjk neúks ^Wmqgd .ekSu u,a,sldrÉÑf.ks 2003 ( 93&'

flfia fj;;a kdgHfha whs;sh iudc úoHd wdÈúoHd¾Òkaf.a ix.uhg ysñ jqjo tys wOHCIKh c.;a nKavdrf.ah ^kdgH i|yd Tyq yefrkakg iudc úoHd wdÈúoHd¾Òkaf.a ix.ufhka iïnkaO jQ wfkflla fkdue;&' tfyhska ;u zzkduhZZ m;< lrkq jia wkjYH weÕs,s .eiSï lsÍu iudc úoHd{hkaf.ka iukaú; ix.uhlg W.yg hehs ud ;rfha úYajdi lrñ'

fojkqj" Facebook ys fndaksls f.or kdgHh ms<sn|j olajd ;snQ zzboringZZ hk YS¾Ih hgf;a jk woyia ±laùug iu.dój woyia ±laùfï§ mejish hq;= lreK kï hula zzkSriZZ jkafka wod< mÀ;h ;ukaf.a reÑl;ajfhka wE;a jQ l,sfhka njhs' th jgyd.; hq;= jkafka ;u reÑl;ajh iu. mÀ;h iumd; fkdùula f,i fyda mÀ;h iu. reÑl;ajh iumd; fkdùula f,i úkd kdgHlrKfha .eg¨jla f,i fkdjk njhs' ;jo ksYaÑ; mÀ;hlg ish¨ i;a;ajfhda m%fudaohg m;a lsÍfï yelshdj we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= ùu W.ygh'

f;jkqj meyeÈ,s f,iu ud úfõpkh bÈßm;a lrkafka kdgHfha fojk Nd.h fj;h' tys§ zzfkdardZZ ;udj w;yer ouhs' fm%aCIlhdg ks<sh ^pñ,d mSßia& fjfyig m;aj we;s nj fkdardf.a wNHka;r mSvdjkag jvd myiqfjka .%yKh lr .ekSfï yelshdj fjhs' tfukau fonia isys le|jkakka ;ud o rÕmEfï ksr; jk nj is;ñka ^th tfiahehs uu is;ñ& jvd Wia yçka ;u l¾;jHh bgq lsÍu meyeÈ,s f,iu uÕyrjd .; yels yd hq;= wvqmdvqjls'

wjidk jYfhka olajf;d;a fuu igyk c.;a nKavdrf.a zzmsg leiSulaZZ fkdjk w;r ^Tng tfia  fkdjkafka hehs úYajdi l< yel& ud o we;=¿j fndaksls f.or g woyia olajk msßi úiska mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka olajk mßÈ l¾;Dj >d;kh lrñka isák njh' 

uQ,dY%h

fviaukaâ u,a,sldrÉÑ

2003' zmYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka úiska l¾;Dj >d;kh lsÍuZ' mÀ; ( iudc ixialD;sl iólaId' m<uq fj¿u" fld<U( iudc ixialD;sl ;Sj% wOHhkh i|yd jk fld<U wdh;kh'

KANDY 100 years ago

Panchaudhaya!

uõìfï m^x&pdhqOh!

fuu flá ,smsfhka ud bÈßm;a lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka 2010 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh i|yd cd;sl ksoyia fmruqfKa kdhl úu,a ùrjxY uy;d úiska Pkao m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kakd ,o fmdaiagrh yd tys fya;= mdGh jQ zuõìfï mxpdhqOhZ w;r we;s ñ:Hdj újrKh lsÍuhs' fuys§ zñ:HdjZ hk moh Ndú; lrkqfha idudkH jyfrys we;s w¾:hg jvd" udkj úoHdfõ Ndú; jk w¾:fhka nj ie,l=j ukdh' ;jo Pkao odhlhd fmdÿ wjldYh ;=< fuu fmdaiagrh ms<sn| jk ñ:Hdj .%yKh lrf.k ;sfnk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lsÍug o n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjñ'

ùrjxY" ;u mxpdhqOh ms<sn| woyi úúO wdldrhkaf.ka" iajrEmhkaf.ka yd m%udKhkaf.ka Pkao odhlhdg ix.%y lf<ah' tksid fuu mÀ;h" úúOdldrfhka úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a w¾:l:kj,g ksrdjrKh úh' flfia fj;;a ix.%y lrk ,o m%jD;a;sh" ix.%y lrk ,o w¾:fhkau ixcdkkh lrkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyelafla Bg w¾: iïmdolhkaf.a wd;aóh ,CIK n,mdk neúks' ta" ùrjxY ms<sn| we;s yeÕSu" mCIh ms,sn| we;s yeÕSu" ixialD;sl ixfla;hla foaYmd,kh iuÕ noaO lsÍu ms<sn|j jk yeÕSu hk tajd cks; ùug bv we;s neúks' fláfhka olajf;d;a fulS ix.%y lsÍu yd w¾: iïmdokh w;r iudchSh" foaYmd,ksl yd ft;sydisl lreKq .eíj mej;sh yels neúks' ta wkqj ud W;aidy orkafka" úu,a ùrjxY kï jQ foaYmd,{hd" foaYfm%auh kï jQ NdIdj ;=< uõìfï mxpdhqOh hk ix{dj njg m;a jQ wdldrh;a" ;;ald,Sk '''' NdIdj ;=< tu NdIdj w¾:j;a jQ wdldrh;a ú.%y lsÍughs'

ùrjxY ;u Pkao m%pdrKh i|yd fhdod.;a f;aud mdGfha we;=<;a zmxpdhqOhZ ms<sn| ixl,amh m<uqj úuid ne,Su jákd nj uu is;ñ' mxpdhqOh hkak isxy, - fn!oaO ixialD;sh iuÕ wúfhdackSh ne£ula iys; ixfla;hls' ixialD;sh hkq w¾:fhka msreKq fohls' th ix{dlrKh u.ska f.dvkeÕ=Kls' th mqrdjD;a;hla ^myth& fuka lshùug yels jkafka w¾:hka .eíj we;s ksidh ^b,hmawdrÉÑ 203( 46&' isxy,-fn!oaO ixialD;sl úYajdihg wkqj mxpdhqOh hkq l=vd <uqkaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd m<|jkq ,nk wdNrKhls' wdhqO 5 l ixfla;hka olajd ks¾udKh lr we;s th wdrCIdj" frda. mSvdj,ska ÿreùu yd iïnkaO jQ úYd, ixialD;sl úYajdihla iys;j m<|jkq ,nhs' fuh orejd bm§ Èk lsysmhla .; jk úg m<|jkq ,nk w;r" jhi wjqreÿ 6 la muK jk úg .<jd ouhs' tkï <|re úh miq lsÍu;a iuÕu tys wjYH;djh o u.yeÍ hk neúks'

ixialD;sl w¾:h l=ula fj;=ÿ úu,a ùrjxY zuõìfï mxpdhqOhZ hk mdGh f.k we;af;a uõìfï iEu wNsfhda.hl§u" uõìug tfrysj keÕS isák i;=re n,fõ.j,ska uõìu wdrCId lr .ekSug;a" uõìfï m%.;sh fjkqfjka lghq;= l< ksid;a" mxpdhqOh hk w¾:h ksfhdackh lsÍfï whs;sh ùrjxYg we;s njg iajhx úYajdihla iys;jh ^wnh§r 2010 fmnrjdß 21( 16&' tkï fuu f;aud mdGh" Tyqf.a foaYmd,ksl Ndú;h w;r iumd;ùula we;s nj o Tyq is;k nj mila fõ'

flfia fj;;a" w;s ±jeka; ue;sjrK iïm%pdrKhl fh§ isá ùrjxY" ;udf.a foaYfm%auh l=¿.kajkqjia foaYSh mßirh úkdY lrñka yd ue;sjrK kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍula o isÿ lf<ah' ta Y%S ,xldj wdishdfõ wdYap¾h njg m;alsÍfï ckm;s uyskao rdcmCIf.a wNsm%dh bgq lsÍfï uõìfï mxpdhqOh ùfï mru woyisks' isxy, ixialD;sl ixfla;hla Ndú; lrñka ;u ckjd¾.sl woyia l=¿ .ekaùu m%isoaO wjldYfha uqodyeßh kuqÿ" uy ue;sjrKhg fkdfnda Èklg fmr mej;s ckdêm;sjrKfha ±kaùul o mxpdhqOh fhdodf.k ;sîu wyïnhla fkdfõ ^1 rEmh n,kak&'

uõìfï mxpdhqOh jYfhka ùrjxY úiska ;ud uõìfï wdrCIlhdh hk ñ:Hdj ñksiqka ;=< f.dvkexùug W;aidy orhs' fujeks f.dvkexùï frda,kaÜ nd;a úiska iuld,Sk mqrdfKdala;s jYfhka y÷kdf.k ;sfnk w;r" nd;a olajk mßÈ"

mqrdfKdala;s hkq NdIdjls' ikaksfõok úêl%uhls' tys mKsjqvhla .eíj we;' mqrdfKdala;shla hkq jia;=jla" ixl,amhla fyda woyila fkdfõ' th ix{d¾:fõok úêl%uhls' tfukau wdlD;shls' fujeks wdldr NdIdjla hkq mKsjqvhls' tksidu th jdÑl jQjla muKla fkdj ,sÅ; o úh yelsh' mska;+r" Ñ;% wd§ ´kEu fohla yryd ñ:Hdjla f.dvkeÕsh yelsh' fïjd mqrdfKdala;shg ish l;sldj f.dvkexùu i|yd bjy,a fõ ^1963( 109&'

fuys§ úuish hq;= jeo.;a lreKla jkqfha ùrjxY iQpkh lsÍug W;aidy ork mKsúvh" ñksiqkag iQpkh jQjdo iy th iQpkh lr.kafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|jh' fn!oaO idys;Hfhys tk mkaish mkia cd;lhkaf.ka tlla jk mxpdhqO cd;lfhys mxpdhqOh ms<sn| i|yka fõ' tys wdhqO 5 la jk w;r" ÿkak" lvqj" uq.=r" jc%dhqOh yd {dkdhqOh hk tajd wka;¾.;h' mxpdhqOh ms<sn| mqrdfKdala;sh isf,aif,dau hCIhd yd mxpdhqO l=udrhd w;r jk l;d mqj;lska meñfKhs'1 nd;a olajk mßÈ ñ:Hdl:kh iE§ we;af;a ±kgu;a ikaksfõok l%shdj i|yd fhdodf.k we;s øjHhka yrydh' tfukau Bg meje;au we;af;a ,sÅ; fyda ksfhdackd;aul úêl%u ;=< muKla fkdfõ' PdhdrEm" iskudj" l%Svd" m%pdrKh ^Publicity& wdÈh ;=< o th ;sìh yelsh' tfukau ñ:Hdfõ ish¨u øjHhkag ix{dlD;lrK iú{dkl;ajhla we;s njg mQ¾j Wml,amkhla mj;S ^nd;a 1963( 110&'

fuu mdGkhg Ndckh jk fmdaiagrfha" Pkao ,l=Kla" mqoa., kduhla fyda mCI kduhla i|yka lr ;snqfKa ke; ^2 rEmh n,kak&' tys§ wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;af;a nd;a ksjerÈj olajk mßÈ" Pkao odhlhd ;=< iú{dklrKfha iú{dkl;ajh we;s njg ùrjxY Wml,amkhla f.dvkeÕSuls' tkï fuu fmdaiagrfhka lshefjkafka l=ulao@ th l=ula i|yd o@ tys isákafka ljqo@ hk m%Yak uyckhd úiska úi|d.kq we;ehs hk úYajdifhys msysgd th bÈßm;a lr ;snqKs'

mqrdfKdala;shka ;=< ;%sudK rgdjla we;' th ix{dj ^Sign&" iQplh ^Signifier& yd iQÑ;h ^Signified& w;r fõ' mqrdfKdala;shla f.dvkexfjkafka th bÈßmi we;s ix{d¾:fõok ud,djlsks ^Symiological chain&' th fojk fm< ix{d¾:fõok moaO;sh ^Second order semiological system& fõ' m<uq moaO;sfha we;s ix{dj" fojk fmf<ys§ yqÿ iQplh njg muKla m;a fõ' ñ:Hd l:khg iïnkaO øjHd;aul foa mqrdfKdala;sh u.ska ,nd.;a miqj Y=oaO jQ ix{dlD;lrK l%shdj,sh olajd wvq lrhs' mqrdfKdala;shg wjYH jkafka wuqøjH ix{d jYfhka ±lSughs ^nd;a 1963( 114&'

ùrjxY ish fmdaiagrh i|yd fhdodf.k we;s mxpdhqOh" fmr lS mßÈ fn!oaO ixcdkkfhys ixfla;hla f,i m<uq fm< ;snqK o" fojk fm<g .uka lrk úg" tkï th fmdaiagrh olajd .uka lrk úg iQplh njg m;aj we;' flfia fj;=ÿ mxpdhqOh lshQ ieKska wdj¾ckh jkafka l=vd <uqkaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd isxy,-fn!oaO ixialD;sl wvúh ;=< m<|jkq ,nk wdNrKhla jk w;r wdrCIdj ms<sn| yeÕSï cks; lrjhs' fuys háfm< w¾:h f,i ud iQpkh lrkq ,nkafka uõìfï isák ish¨ ck;dj ^Pkao odhlhka& l=vd orejka ^nínq& fia i,ld" ùrjxY wdrCIlhd jk njh'

NdIdjl ix{dj jQ jpkh ^word& úYaf,aIKh lrk fidaish¾" iQplh yd iQÑ;h hk wx. foflka iukaú; jk nj fmkajd ÿks' iQplh hkq jpkhl Yío rEmh fyda wCIr rEmh jk w;r" iQÑ;h hkq Yío ixfhdackh fyda wCIr ixfhdackh u.ska yÕjkq ,nk fohhs'

iQplh                         uõìfï mxpdhqOh

iQÑ;h                        wdrCIdj

ix{dj                        úu,a ùrjxY

fidaish¾g wkqj iQplh yd iQÑ;h w;r" iajNdúl fyda ffki¾.sl iïnkaO;djhla ke;' WodyrKhla f,i mqgqj hk jd.a ix{dj yd jdäùug Ndú; lrkakd jQ jia;=j w;r iïnkaO;djh" yqfola iïm%odh u.ska ;SrKh lrkakd jQ ,oaols' tfiau th wfkl=;a wka;¾ iïnkaê; jd.a ixfla;hka jk nxl=j" fïih" we| hk tajdfhka fjka fldg y÷kd .kS ^fmf¾rd 1996( 28-32&'

fidaish¾f.a woyi" ùrjxYf.a fmdaiagrh yd iïnkaO lr ne¨jfyd;a fmkS hkafka" uõìfï mxpdhqOh yd ùrjxY w;r o ffki¾.sl iïnkaO;djhla fkdue;s njhs' kuq;a mqoa., kduhla" mCI kduhla fkdue;s fmdaiagrh u.ska Tyq W;aidy orkafka tjeks iïnkaO;djla f.dvkeÕSugh'

flfia kuq;a fuu fmdaiagrfha w¾: iïmdokh i|yd Ndú; lr we;s NdIdj yd ix{dj flakaøSh jeo.;alula Wiq,hs' mxpdhqOh hk jpkfhys zxZ fjkqjg mxpdhqOhla we;' flfia fj;;a wfkl=;a Pkao m%pdrK fmdaiagr yd fya;= mdGhkaf.ka fjkiajkq jia ùrjxY fujeks Wml%u fhdodf.k we;' mxpdhqOh flakaøSh jeo.;alula .kq ,enqfõ uyue;sjrKfha§ muKla fkdj" ckdêm;sjrKfha§;a flakaøSh jeo.;alula bisÆ nj mQ¾fjdala;fhka i|yka l< mßÈ isysle|úh hq;= ukdh'

w¾:h hkq fjkialï yd iudklïj, f.dvkeÕSuls' jia;=jla Bg m%;súreoaOh iuÕ .;a úg wm foaj,a ú.%y lrkafka" wm fohla f;areï .kafka" tys kshu iajrEmfhka fkdj m%;súreoaO iajrEmfhks ^iag%õia 1967( 209-210&' ùrjxY bÈßm;a l< woyi o úfgl Pkao odhlhd f;areï .ekSug W;aidy ord we;af;a o oaú;aj m%;smCI weiqßks' tkï mxpdhqOh hk jpkfhys zxZ u; fl< .eiSu" th brd ±óu u.ska" zmpdhqOhZ njg m;alsÍug ork ,o W;aidyh" iag%õiaf.a woyi ;j;a ikd: lrjhs'

zmpùuZ yd zmp lsÍuZ hkq .%duH w¾:fhka .;a l, zb,a,x lEulsZ' tfia;a ke;skï zfkdakaä ùulsZ' ;jÿrg;a iNHj mjikafka kï ks.%yhg ,laùuls' tfia kï mxpdhqOh" mpdhqOh njg m;ajQfha w;ajer§ulska fkdjk nj meyeÈ,sh' tfyhska Pkao odhlhka ;=< ;sfnk udkisl yelshdjka wj;lafiarejg md;% l< fkdyelsh'

w;S;fha§ mqrdfKdala;s f.dvkexùu ;=< iudc ld¾hhka bgq flßKs' iudcfha mej;s .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug yd tajd f;areï lr .ekSug" mqrdfKdala;s lD;Hd;aul jeo.;alula bis,Sh' kuq;a ;;ald,Sk mqrdfKdala;s f.dvkexfjkafka fmdaiag¾" Ñ;%mg" .=jka úÿ,sh wd§ udOHh jdylhd lr .ksñks' fuys§ fuu ,smshg mdol jk zuõìfï mxpdhqOhZ ms<sn|j is;Sug we;af;a l=ulao@ ùrjxY uõìfï wdrCIlhd jk nj o@ mqrdfKdala;s hkq NdIdjls ^nd;a 1963(10&' w;S; mqrdfKdala;s ckhdg ;ud wjg mßirh ms<sn| wkjYH miq;eú,s bj;a lsÍug bjy,a jQ w;r" iuld,Sk mqrdfKdala;s ckhdg wkjYH miq;eú,s <Õd lr fok nj uf.a woyihs' flfia kuq;a mYapd;a ue;sjrK ld,hl Pkaoh ÈkSfï ikao¾Nh ;=< is;d ne,sh hq;af;a zmpZ jQfha ljqo hkak ms<sn|jhs'

wdY%s; .%ka:

wnh§r" ufkdaÊ

2010" fmnrjdß 21' zuõìu iqrlsk mxpdhqoh wms ;uhs!Z Èjhsk bßod ix.%yh' fydaud.u ( Wmd,s ksõia fmam¾ia ^m%hsjÜ& ,sñgâ'

b,hmawdrÉÑ" tßla

2003' n,h' 3 jk l,dmh'

fmf¾rd" iixl'

1996' zfidaish¾ iy f,ú iag%õiaf.a jHqyjdoh ms<sn| flá ye¢kaùula' m%jdo' wxl 12' fld<U ( iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh'

Barthes, Roland

1993. Mythologies. London : Vintage Books.

Lexi-Strauss, Claude.

1967. Strautural Autheropology. Garden City : Anchor Books.

miq igyka

1' jeäÿr f;dr;=re i|yd n,kak' is;=jï iys; mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;a jykafia' 2005' fld<U ( weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'